**Sebab-Sebab Kemandulan Seorang Wanita**

Kemandulan di kalangan wanita boleh dibahagikan kepada 4 bahagian.

1) kemandulan disebabkan oleh penyakit dalam faraj

2) penyakit dalam rahim

3) penyakit dalam saluran fallopian

4) kegagalan ovulasi (pengeluaran benih)

 Penyakit-penyakit dalam faraj dan pangkal rahim penyakit yang berlaku dalam faraj misalnya jangkitan kuman khususnya kuman 'monillia' (sejenis kulat) , 'trichomonas' dan lain-lain bakteria boleh menyebabkan kemandulan. penyakit kuman ini biasanya menyebabkan perubahan dalam lendir faraj. keadaan begini mungkin memusnahkan setengah daripada benih lelaki kerana keadaan lendir yang wujud tidak sesuai bagi benih-benih tersebut. penyakit yang berlaku pada pangkal rahim dan menyebabkan saluran pangkal rahim itu tertutup akan menyebabkan kemandulan. keadaan ini boleh berlaku jika timbulnya satu tumbuhan di hadapan pangkal rahim atau pangkal rahim itu menjadi rosak dan tertutup (stenosis) selepas menjalani sesuatu pembedahan seperti 'amputation of cervix'. lendir yang terdapat pada saluran pangkal rahim mempunyai peranan yang penting dan aktif dalam percantuman benih lelaki dengan benih perempuan, bukan hanya satu saluran yang pasif. lendir tersebut dipercayai mengambil peranan dalam pengangkutan, penyimpanan, perlindungan serta memperkuatkan tenaga benih-benih lelaki sebelum bergerak menuju ke kilang telur. kadangkala terdapat gangguan dalam bentuk lendir tersebut kerana keadaan tidak seimbang dalam kandungan hormon pesakit itu. keadaan ini boleh mengganggu peranan yang dimainkan oleh lendir saluran pangkal rahim. keadaan begini sering timbul dalam penyakit 'cervical erosion'. jangkitan kuman (cervicitis) juga boleh mengganggu keadaan lendir itu, dan seterusnya menimbulkan kemandulan.

..Asas Perlembagaan Tanah Melayu..

Yang Wajib Kita Ketahui

Beberapa Perkara Asas Perlembagaan Berkaitan Kedudukan Sri Paduka Baginda Yang Di-Pertuan Agong (YDPA)

Perkara 32 menyatakan Ketua utama bagi Persekutaun ialah YDPA, iaitu seorang raja yang dipilih daripada raja-raja sembilan buah negeri Melayu. Berdasarkan sistem Raja Berpelembagaan, YDPA diberi kuasa memerintah Persekutuan. Namun begitu Perkara 39 dan 40 menyatakan bahawa baginda dikehendaki bertindak atas nasihat jemaah menteri atau seorang menteri yang diberi kuasa dari jemaah menteri.

Perkara 41 pula menyatakan YDPA juga adalah Pemerintah tertinggi Angkatan Tentera Persekutuan (Malaysia), sementara Perkara 42 pula meletakkan baginda mempunyai kuasa untuk mengampun dan menangguhkan hukuman terhadap orang yang telah disabitkan oleh mahkamah tentera bagi kesalahan-kesalahan yang dilakukan di dalam Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur.

Perkara 44 meletakkan baginda salah satu daripada tiga komponen badan perundangan Persekutuan, iaitu Parlimen. Perkara 71 pula menyediakan peruntukan bagi menjamin hak sesorang raja sesuatu negeri untuk mewarisi, memegang, menikmati dan menjalankan hak-hak keistemewaan di sisi perlembagaan bagi sesorang raja di dalam negeri itu.

Perkara 153 telah mengamanahkan baginda tanggungjawab untuk memelihara kedudukan istemewa orang-orang Melayu dan bumiputera Sabah dan Sarawak dan kepentingan sah kaum lain.

Perkara 122B menjelaskan bahawa kuasa melantik semua hakim Mahkamah Persekutuan dan Mahkamah Tinggi adalah ditangan baginda atas nasihat Perdana Menteri dan setelah berunding dengan Majlis Raja-raja.

Kedudukan Agama Islam

Perkara 3 Perlembagaan menjelaskan bahawa ugama Islam ialah ugama rasmi bagi Persekutuan tetapi agama-agama lain boleh diamalkan dengan bebas (Perkara 11). Namun begitu hak-hak seseorang untuk mengembangkan agama boleh dikawal atau disekat oleh undang-undang negeri, atau undang-undang Persekutuan bagi kes Wilayah Persekutuan, jika pengembangan itu dibuat di kalangan mereka yang telah menganut agama Islam – Perkara 11 (4).

Kedudukan Bahasa Melayu

Perkara 152 (1) menguatkuasakan Bahasa Melayu sebagai Bahasa Kebangsaan Persekutuan. Bahasa ini secara automatisnya menjadi bahasa perantaraan untuk digunakan dalam semua maksud rasmi. Maksud “rasmi” ditakrifkan oleh Perkara 152 (6) dengan makna “apa-apa jua maksud kerajaan sama ada kerajaan Persekutuan atau kerjaan negeri dan termasuklah apa-apa maksud sesuatu pihak berkuasa awam”.

Kedudukan Istimewa Orang Melayu

Perkara 153 Perlembagaan telah memaktubkan Hak Istemewa Orang Melayu dan bumiputera Sabah dan Sarawak meliputi :

- perkhidmatan awam : Perkara 153 (2,3 dan 4)

- ekonomi : Perkara 153 (6)

- pelajaran: Perkara 153 (2,3 dan 4)

- Kedudukan Istimewa orang Melayu yang lain termasuklah peruntukan Perkara 89 dan 90 – berhubung dengan tanah rizab Melayu.

Dan ketahuilah rakyat jelata bahawa hak-hak ini tidak boleh dipertikaikan dan ia dilindungi di bawah Akta Hasutan 1948 (Pindaan 1971).

::Kasih Si Anak & Ibu Monyet::

Baru-baru ini saya ke Negeri Sembilan untuk mengunjungi rumah seorang saudara. Sewaktu kereta melalui hutan rekreasi Hulu Bendul di kuala Pilah, nun di depan sana ,saya lihat ada sekumpulan monyet mundar-mandir di sisi jalan yang sibuk. Ia seperti terburu-buru untuk melintas.

Saya terus memandu dan sewaktu kereta semakin hamper, saya terkejut kerana ada seekor monyet menggeletik di atas jalan. Ia baru dilanggar salah sebuah kereta di hadapan saya. Pantas saya menekan brek dan memperlahankan kereta.

Kereta semakin hamper dan dada ini berdebar apabila melihat monyet itu terus menggelupur dan menghempas-hempas ke atas jalan. Kakinya terketar-ketar. Di sisinya ada darah dan cebisan daging.

Tapi paling menyentak perasaan saya ialah apabila melihat perutnya yang buncit itu terburai, dan dari celah luka besar itu tersembul sesuatu berwarna kelabu. Tahukah pembaca, benda apakah yang saya lihat itu?

Benda kelabu itu adalah anak yang masih dalam kandungannya!

Pada ketika itu saya terasa tubuh ini menggeletar. Saya pasti, si ibu monyet tadi akan mati sebentar lagi. Begitu juga dengan anaknya, nyawanya melayang sebelum sempat melihat wajah ibu.

Sebaik melintasinya, saya pandang cermin sisi dan belakang. Saya nampak kawanan monyet tadi bercempera. Ia berlari-lari mendapatkan si ibu tadi, tapi kemudian bertempiaran semula ke tepi jalan kerana hamper saja dilanggar kenderaan yang lalu-lalang.

Mungkin kepada pembaca sekalian, apalah ada pada nyawa seekor monyet.

Ia hanya monyet. Haiwan hodoh. Hidupnya di hutan, tidak setaraf dengan manusiawi.

Tapi tidak kepada saya. Pulang bercuti, saya terus catatkan surat ini, kerana peristiwa yang saya sebutkan tadi sebenarnya telah mengingatkan saya kepada sebuah peristiwa yang berlaku pada awal 1990-an.

Ketika itu usia saya masih di awal 20-an. Hari itu, saya diajak oleh seorang bapa saudara untuk memburu di hutan berhampiran rumah. Saya bukanlah minat memburu, tapi daripada bosan terperap di rumah, saya terima ajakan bapa saudara saya tadi.

Masih saya ingat, beberapa jam berburu, matahari pun sudah meninggi, tapi tiada seekor haiwan pun melintas di hadapan kami. Pelanduk, napuh, rusa, ayam hutan dan burung yang selalu berlegar di hutan itu, seolah-olah bersembunyai jauh dari kami. Hutan itu sepi.

Saya bertambah rimas, pak cik pula saya lihat mula kecewa. Hari kian beranjak petang, pak cik menepuk-nepuk senapang Relanya. Kata pak cik, "Kita balik ajalah, hari ni tak ada apa-apa.Mungkin esok ada habuan."

Kami berjalan pulang, tapi selang dua tiga puluh langkah, kami terdengar suara riuh-rendah di sebalik pokok-pokok besar di hadapan kami. Saya mengamati suara itu, ternyata ia dating dari sekawan monyet yang sedang memakan buah-buah hutan.

Saya perhatikan pak cik begitu berminat memerhatikan haiwan itu. Di bibirnya ada sebaris senyuman. Senyuman yang saya faham benar maksudnya.

Adakah pak cik hendak menembak monyet-monyet itu?

"Haa. Pak cik nak tembak ibunya, lepas tu pak cik nak ambil anaknya, nanti boleh bela," begitu jawapan pak cik.

Masih saya ingat juga, saya beberapa kali mendesak pak cik supaya membatalkan hasratnya itu, tapi gagal. Saya gagal mengendurkan niatnya.

Tidak akan saya lupa kata-kata pak cik petang itu, "daripada balik tangan kosong? " lalu dia mengacukan senapangnya ke arah kawasan monyet tadi, dan...

DAMMM!!!

Demi berdentum saja senapang, bercempera dan lintang-pukang monyet-monyet tadi menyelamatkan diri. Hutan itu riuh dengan bunyai ranting patah serta jerit pekik haiwan berkenaan.

BUUUPP! Ada suatu benda yang jatuh ke tanah.

Saya terpandang seekor ibu monyet jatuh berdekatan kami. Saya dan pak cik terus mendapatkannya. Dari perutnya bercucuran darah pekat. Anaknya yang tidak mengerti apa-apa terlepas dari pelukan, tercampak tidak jauh dari ibunya sambil menjerit-jerit.

Si ibu merengus-rengus memanggil anaknya dengan lemah. Ia cuba bangun dengan besusah payah sambil tangannya mencapai akar-akar pokok untuk mendekati anaknya. Sebelah tangan lagi menekap perut yang masih berdarah. Ia berusaha melangkah tapi terjatuh semula. Digagahi lagi sambil berguling-guling ke arah anaknya. Si anak yang baru pandai berjalan jatuh, bangun mendapatkan ibunya.

Si anak itu terus saja memeluk ibunya yang kesakitan. Masih terbayang jelas di ingatan saya bagaimana si ibu monyet tadi memegang tubuh dan menatap wajah anaknya puas-puas, kemudian dicium berkali-kali.

Setelah itu dibawa si anak ke dada lalu disuakan susunya. Saya dan pak cik terdiam melihat si anak mengisap susu manakala ibunya mengerang-ngerang perlahan seakan memujuk sambil menahan sakit.

Hati saya tersentuh. Betapa si anak yang baru melihat dunia tidak tahu bahawa ibu tempat dia bermanja akan pergi buat selama-lamanya. Saya tidak mampu menyelami fikiran ibu monyet tadi, tapi mungkin ia ingin memeluk anaknya buat kali terakhir, sepuas-puasnya, kerana selepas ini ibu akan pergi.

Ibu tidak akan dapat memelukmu lagi apabila kau kesejukan, menyuap mulutmu bila kau merengek kelaparan, juga melindungimu bila kau kepanasan.

Mata si ibu monyet itu memandang ke arah kami. Tangannya memeluk erat si anak seolah-olah enggan melepaskannya, biarlah ia mati bersama anaknya.

Matanya saya lihat digenangi air, masih tidak lepas memandang kami dengan pandangan sayu, mungkin ingin menyatakan betapa kejamnya manusia.

Dosa apakah yang aku lakukan hungga aku ditembak?

Salahkah aku bebas ke sana ke mari di bumi indah ciptaan Allah ini?

Tubuh ibu monyet itu berlumuran darah, begitu juga dengan si anak yang masih di pelukannya. Beberapa detik kemudian, dengan tenaga yang masih berbaki, kami lihat si ibu mencium anaknya untuk ke sekian kalinya. Perlahan-lahan tubuhnya terkulai ditanah, bisa penabur dari muncung senapang pak cik tadi tidak dapat ditanggung lagi.

Si anak menjerit-jerit memanggil ibunya supaya bangun dan melarikan diri dari situ, tapi si ibu sudah tidak bernyawa lagi. Puas menjerit, si anak tadi menyusu semula.

Di saat itu perasaan saya terlalu sebak. Saya perhatikan pak cik, dia beberapa kali menggetap bibir cuba menahan air matanya daripada tumpah ke pipi.

Tapi bila melihat si anak monyet tadi menjerit dan menggoncang-goncang tubuh ibunya, akhirnya air mata kami tumpah juga. Saya betul-betul kesal dengan apa yang berlaku.

Susana sunyai kembali. Si anak monyet itu kami rangkul dan bawa pulang, Biarpun ia terus menjerit-jerit dan enggan berpisah dengan ibunya yang telah mati.

Di dalam kereta saya hanya mendiamkan diri. Begitu juga pak cik. Pada ketika itu saya dapat merasakan betapa kejamnya kami kerana membunuh satu nyawa yang tidak berdosa. Biarpun monyet itu hanya haiwan yang hodoh, tapi mereka juga ada perasaan, ada rasa kasih kepada anak, rasa sayang kepada ibu. Tapi kita manusia??

Mana hilangnya akal waras kami?

Selang dua minggu kemudian, anak monyet tadi mengikut jejak ibunya. Pak cik memberitahu saya, anak monyet itu tidak mahu makan dan asyik menjerit-jerit sahaja. Mungkin ia rindukan ibunya. Apabila malam, keadaannya bertambah teruk, dan akhirnya mati.

Kini saya sudah bekerja dan berumah tangga. Peristiwa tadi sudah saya ceritakan kepada anak dan isteri saya agar mereka mengerti bahawa haiwan juga punya perasaan. Yang kejam adalah manusia, walaupun kitalah satu-satunya makhluk yang Tuhan anugerahkan akal fikiran.

Tidak lupa saya memberitahu mereka betapa agung dan sucinya kasih sayang ibu.

6 major sleep mistakes parents make — and how to avoid them

By:  Ziba Kashef

Getting young children to sleep — and stay asleep — is one of the most daunting tasks of parenthood. Even parents of "good" sleepers face nap time or bedtime struggles occasionally. In fact, up to 40 percent of children suffer from some sort of sleep problem.

Our experts have identified six common mistakes parents make when it comes to their kids' getting good shut-eye. But the good news is, those mistakes can be turned around without too much trouble. Children's sleep experts and veteran parents alike confirm that simple changes to sleep routines and environments can make a big difference in preventing or correcting common sleep difficulties.

And once you've achieved success — meaning your kid goes to bed on time and stays asleep all night — you'll not only have a happier, well-rested child but a happier, better rested family, too.

1. Mistake: Putting children to bed too late

Kids sleep less these days than their parents did growing up. "In infancy and throughout early adolescence, children today get less sleep than they did in the mid '70s and '80s," says Marc Weissbluth, pediatrician and author of Healthy Sleep Habits, Happy Child. One study found that 2-year-olds now get 40 minutes less sleep than 2-year-olds a generation ago or two. The result of later bedtimes, Weissbluth says, is more bedtime battles, nap difficulties, and night waking.

Baby sleep: Seven tips

Seven great tips from parents and experts for getting your baby to sleep.Maybe you don't have your infant or toddler on a regular sleep schedule or you don't have much time with her after work, so you keep her up a little later to play. "Letting children go to sleep too late as babies and toddlers creates overfatigue," says social worker Jill Spivack, cocreator of The Sleepeasy Solution: The Exhausted Parent's Guide to Getting Your Child to Sleep from Birth to Age 5. "When they become overtired, they have a harder time falling asleep and staying asleep, and they get up earlier than if they were put down at an appropriate time."

In preschool and elementary school, a jam-packed schedule with multiple sports or after-school activities may cut into sleep time. "A lot of kids have too much to do," says Jodi Mindell, associate director of the Sleep Center at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and coauthor with Judith Owens of Take Charge of Your Child's Sleep.

Think about it: By the time your whole family gets home, has dinner, does homework, and so on, sleep may become a forgotten priority. Or you might put off bedtime to avoid battles or in the hope that your child will crash, fall asleep without any intervention, and sleep in late. But this is folly, says Mindell, because when kids are overly tired, they get wired.

Good habit: Set regular bedtimes (and, if appropriate, nap times) and stick to them. And don't wait until your kid is rubbing his eyes, yawning, or whining — that's probably too late. Put him to bed earlier. Even 15 to 20 minutes of extra sleep can make a difference.

While every child is different, Spivack says that during the night, babies and toddlers typically need 11 hours of sleep, preschoolers need up to 12 hours once they drop daytime naps, and older kids should get 10 to 11 hours. Figure out what time they need to be up in the morning and plan accordingly.

2. Mistake: Relying on motion

What parents haven't breathed a sigh of relief watching their baby snooze in an infant swing or doze in the backseat of the car? Often these wonderful moments occur when you least expect it — and most need a break.

But some moms and dads fall into the trap of using motion to get their young kids to nap or fall asleep at night. "If the child is always sleeping in motion — in strollers or cars — he probably doesn't get the deep, more restorative sleep due to the stimulation of motion," says Weissbluth. He likens motion-induced sleep to the type of sleep an adult might get while flying in an airplane.

Good habit: Use motion for calming, not naps

Before you throw a tantrum at the notion of giving up the musical swing, listen to Weissbluth's next bit of advice: It's okay to use motion to soothe a cranky child. But once your child has fallen asleep, cut off the swing or park the stroller. "The child has better-quality sleep," says Weissbluth. Guilt-free bonus: If you're taking a long car ride and your child slumbers, just sit back and enjoy the moments of silence.

3. Mistake: Overstimulation in dreamland

Take the ubiquitous crib mobile (please): "I did what I thought all new moms are supposed to do — put a mobile on the crib," says Kelly Ingevaldson, the mother of a toddler in Atlanta. But she soon learned that the mobile — with its rotating toys, sound, and lights — was too much of a distraction for her little one. "She wasn't falling asleep with the mobile. There were so many bright colors, it was keeping her awake instead of teaching her it was nighttime."

It's not just babies who may be overstimulated at bedtime. If older kids have lots of toys in the bed or other distractions, they may not be getting the shut-eye they need.

Good habit: Keep it dark, and cut the action at nap time and nighttime

To maximize sleep, put infants and toddlers — who are too young to have developed nighttime fears — to sleep in nearly pitch-black rooms. "For babies to sleep well, on a scale from 1 to 10, with 10 being the darkest, the room should be an 8 or 9," says Spivack. Use a fan or white noise machine to muffle any sounds from the street or the next room.

Older kids can have a soft night-light to soothe any fears, but no bedtime entertainment. Think long and hard before allowing a TV or computer in your child's bedroom. Even kids who fall asleep with a favorite DVD on are probably losing a half hour or so of precious shut-eye — a loss that can affect their mood and behavior during the daytime — and it's easier to keep the electronics out of the bedroom than negotiate the issue every night.

4. Mistake: Skipping the bedtime routine

With a baby, you might assume that a routine consisting of a bath, a book, and a lullaby isn't yet necessary. But "having a series of calming, pleasing activities leading up to lights-out is very important," says Judith Owens, director of the pediatric sleep disorders clinic at Hasbro Children's Hospital in Providence, Rhode Island. It prepares your child for sleep, she explains.

Parents of big kids who used to have a bedtime routine may drop it because they mistakenly believe their child is too old or because they are too tired themselves to do it. But even adults benefit from having some kind of routine to wind down each night. "We can't expect our kids to go from a busy day to lights off," says Mindell. Plus, she adds, research has indicated that "school-age children who do not have a routine clearly do not get the sleep they need."

Good habit: A comforting bedtime ritual

Regardless of your child's age, the key is to have a predictable series of steps — or what Spivack calls "sleep cues" — that help him wind down from the day. For an infant, that might mean a simple change into pajamas and some cuddling; with older children, the routine might entail a bath, reading books, singing songs, or saying a prayer.

You can create your own ritual: "What we're talking about is having consistent activities that happen in the same space, in the same order, at roughly the same time every night," Spivack says.

5. Mistake: Inconsistency

A couple of times a week, when he's really whiny, you lie down with your preschooler in his bed until he falls asleep. Or maybe you put your big kid down in his room but allow him to crawl into bed with you in the middle of the night.

The problem is not the sleep method but the inconsistent practice of it. Many parents don't mind having their child in bed with them, but too often parents end up with a "family bed" that they didn't plan on.

"Parents bring the child into bed but don't want her to stay in bed with them," says Owens. "The first couple of times the child gets up during the night, the parent will put her back in her own bed and around 3 a.m. let the child get into bed with them." She says this scenario creates "intermittent reinforcement."

"It essentially teaches the child to hold out and persist even longer, as she learns she will eventually get what she wants," Owens explains.

Good habit: Set guidelines for where to sleep

Although it's best to decide whether you want a family bed early on, it's never too late to establish rules. Karen Tinsley-Kim of Oviedo, Florida, has a 3-year-old son who recently started waking up at 11 p.m. a few nights a week and finding his way into his parents' bed. After a couple of months of night visits, sleep deprivation spurred Tinsley-Kim to take action.

Once Tinsley-Kim laid down the law, her preschooler stayed in his room. "I wouldn't let him out of his toddler bed, telling him as gently but firmly as I could that it was time to sleep, and it was time to sleep in his bed," she says.

There are exceptions, of course. If your child gets sick or is afraid of a loud storm, feel free to comfort him by staying with him in his bed or sleeping on an inflatable mattress in his room. But as soon as the illness passes or the storm subsides, return to your usual routine.

A child who has had the comfort of snuggling with Mom or Dad might protest, of course. In that case, Mindell suggests taking a few days to slowly ease yourself out — perhaps by standing in the doorway until your child falls asleep for a couple of nights before leaving altogether.

6. Mistake: Going from a crib to a big bed too early

Your child turns 2 — what a big guy! — and you want to celebrate by buying that cute toddler bed you saw on sale. But as soon as you make the switch, he starts getting up after lights out or waking up in the wee hours.

Why? Before the age of 3 or so, many kids are just not ready to leave the crib behind. "They don't have the cognitive development and self-control to stay within the imaginary boundaries of a bed," says Mindell.

Good habit: Wait till your child is ready for a big bed

When a child is close to 3 years of age, it might be time to move him to a bigger bed. Might is the operative word: If your preschooler has difficulty staying in bed at that age, you can always give it more time.

Much like temporarily going back to diapers after a few disastrous attempts at potty training, returning to a crib is not a failure. "If it's not working out, there's nothing wrong with switching back," Mindell says. Your child will eventually be able to handle a big-kid bed — and may even ask for one. "There's no child going to kindergarten who is still sleeping in a crib," says Mindell.

Sumber Artikel:  http://www.babycenter.com/

 

++ 7 Sign of A Bad Doctor ++

In old movies, bad doctors are easy to identify – they work out of seedy offices and have a furtive, unkempt look. In real life, it's not so obvious.

Thanks to improvements in medical education and oversight, most doctors today are well educated and have solid credentials. "The differences between good and bad are more subtle, more personal, harder to detect but just as critical for you," says George LeMaitre, a surgeon and author of How to Choose a Good Doctor.

San Francisco Bay Area pediatrician Laurel Schultz says so-called "bad" doctors usually aren't bad people. They may be overworked, bored, or burned out – or a combination of the three. Or maybe they never liked being a doctor in the first place. "Their eyes are glazed over," says Schultz. "They've lost their intellectual curiosity. They really don't care, and it shows."

Atlanta pediatrician and American Academy of Pediatrics spokesperson Jennifer Shu encourages patients to trust their instincts. "Go with your gut reaction. If you don't feel good about a physician, go somewhere else. Remember that your best friend's doctor may not be right for you and your family."

What are other good ways to recognize a bad doctor? We checked in with experts who identified seven warning signs to watch out for:

An indifferent or uncaring attitude

You're looking for medical care, not a new friend – so a sparkling personality probably isn't a priority when choosing a doctor. Still, it's smart to steer clear of one who is consistently cold and patronizing, or who has no memory of you from one visit to the next.

This may sound obvious, but sometimes a prestigious medical degree, fancy address, or robust marketing campaign can conceal the fact that a physician is a lackluster practitioner. As LeMaitre points out, "caring and curing cannot be separated."

When it comes to your child's doctor, pay attention to how he or she interacts with your child. A visit to the doctor can be a frightening experience, and a caring pediatrician or family doctor will take the time to make your little one feel comfortable.

Look for a doc who gets down to your child's level to explain what's happening and why, and who expresses genuine warmth and interest. No matter how experienced or highly recommended your child's doctor is, if he or she dismisses your child's fears or spends most of the visit talking to you and ignoring your child, consider finding someone else.

Doesn't listen, unresponsive

The most highly trained and experienced doctor still needs to listen to his or her patients and be open to their feedback and concerns.

Humility is important, says ob-gyn William Barth Jr., chief of the maternal-fetal medicine division at Massachusetts General Hospital. (Barth also chairs the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists' committee on obstetrics practice.)

"As a patient, if I go to a doctor who says, 'I know what to do, this is the only way to do it, and you should just listen to me,' I'll be out the door in 30 seconds. I want someone who takes a considered and open-minded approach, not someone who is dogmatic and overconfident," Barth says.

Most doctors are extremely busy, but a good doctor will still take the time to answer your questions. If you're made to feel that your concerns or questions are foolish or inappropriate, it's a bad sign.

As a patient, you have the right to expect courtesy and responsiveness, not just from your doctor but from everyone in the office – from the receptionist to the advice nurse. The doctor, or someone in the office, should respond to your phone calls in a timely manner.

Lack of knowledge

Consider changing doctors if yours – or your child's – doesn't seem to keep up with the latest medical literature or be aware of medical breakthroughs or other health information. Part of the job is to educate patients about their health. That means explaining the results of medical tests, keeping patients informed about drugs prescribed, and providing nutrition and other health advice.

Don't expect your doctor to be able to respond to all your questions or diagnose every problem on the spot. But it is reasonable to expect your medical provider to find the answers and get back to you.

If you detect a pattern of errors by your doctor or your doctor's staff – the wrong tests are ordered, for example, or messages don't get passed on – find another provider. Everyone makes mistakes, of course, but repeated oversights or routine sloppiness could indicate that your doctor makes bigger blunders as well.

Poor recommendations

A bad doctor is likely to have a tarnished reputation. You may need to do some detective work to make sure a doctor is up to snuff.

Start by talking to a primary care doctor you trust, as well as friends, relatives, and co-workers who may be familiar with the doc. Check websites that provide consumer reviews of physicians, too.

Of course, you'll make up your mind based on your experience with the doctor. But doing your homework will help reassure you that you've trusted your family's care to the right person.

Your state medical board has information on major infractions committed by physicians in your state. Contact information for your state medical board is available at the Federation for State Medical Boards website.

Always pushes further tests and procedures

A doctor should recommend additional tests or procedures if they're warranted, of course, but be wary if this happens all the time.

In some cases, doctors order additional tests out of an excess of caution, says Schultz, the Bay Area pediatrician. "It may mean they don't trust their own judgment," she says. "If your child has pneumonia and the doctor orders a chest X-ray, that's fine. But it shouldn't happen every time you come in."

If you question the need for a procedure, get a second opinion. And if your doctor objects, consider it a red flag, says Barth, the ob-gyn.

"When I was a brand-new doctor, I think I was a little defensive when my patients told me they were seeking a second opinion, but now I welcome it. It means the patient is thinking clearly about his or her medical care, which is a good thing," he says.

Not respectful of your time

How long should you expect to wait at your doctor's office? A 20-minute wait is reasonable; more than an hour is not.

"There will be emergencies, of course, but if you routinely wait an hour or more, I'd look around for a new doctor," says Shu, the Atlanta pediatrician.

If you're joining a new medical practice, you might want to call the office a few times and see how long you have to wait on hold before you get your questions answered.

Tip: To avoid long waits, schedule your appointments early in the day. If you can, avoid scheduling routine checkups in the winter, during the height of the cold and flu season.

Spotty credentials and affiliations

Most physicians are board certified. This isn't a guarantee of competence, but it is an important seal of approval. Unless a doctor is fresh out of medical school and hasn't taken board exams yet, not being board certified is a warning sign that something's not right.

Avoid doctors who have no hospital affiliation or are affiliated with a hospital that has bad ratings (check online healthcare sites for hospital ratings).

Shu doesn't think that where a physician received his or her medical diploma should carry a lot of weight, however. "If a person graduated from medical school and passed their medical board exams, I think those are good enough screening tools," she says.

While education and credentials are vital, Schultz says you shouldn't forget about personal characteristics that can be hard to measure: "The kind of doctor you are has more to do with your curiosity and compassion as an individual than anything else."

Sumber:  http://www.babycenter.com/

++Tips Hapuskan Cicak++

**Artikel di bawah dari email dalam simpanan saya**

Ada orang bertanyakan saya bagaimana nak hapuskan cicak rumah selepas saya tulis artikel hapuskan lipas. Saya akan cuba bantu sebab hapuskan cicak tu perkara bagus. Dalam agamapun digalakkan kita hapuskan cicak.

Cicak, najisnya, telurnya, dan bangkainya boleh memudaratkan manusia. Ada yang kaitkan sakit sopak dengan bangkai atau telur cicak dalam kolam air mandi atau air minum. Tak taulah betul atau tidak. Ada yang kaitkan cicak dengan keracunan salmonella. Malahan ada yang kaitkan cicak dengan tumor, kerana cicak boleh terkena serangan tumor ( benjolan-benjolan ). Pun tak tau kesahihannya.

Yang tanpa syak ialah ke mana saja cicak merayap, ia akan menyebarkan virus dan kotoran yang tersangkut pada kaki, badan dan ekornya. Banyak tempat cicak merayap, termasuklah tandas, bawah meja, belakang kabinet, celah sinki, bawah peti ais, siling, dan dinding.

Cicak juga ada sikap jahat ( dengki ). Situlah tempat sujud solat witir, situlah jadi tempat favorite dia berak. Jika situ tempat kita belajar, situlah yang dipilih jadi jamban terbukanya. Jika situ tempat letak makanan dan minuman, situ juga tempat dia bom dari atas.

Kenapa ada cicak di rumah?

Sebenarnya kita kena soal diri kita sendiri sebab kita sudahpun tahu jawapannya. Saya tolong sikit-sikit kalau ada yang tidak pasti. MAKANAN CICAK IALAH SERANGGA. Lagi banyak serangga lagi banyak cicak. Sikit serangga sikit cicak.

++ TIP (1) ++ Kalau nak hapuskan cicak, hapuskan serangga dulu. Cicak akan lari ke tempat lain sebab takda rezeki kat rumah kita.

Kenapa ada serangga di rumah?

Soalan ini juga boleh dijawab senang oleh kita sendiri. Dari sampah, saki-baki makanan yang tidak dibersihkan, lantai kotor, makanan mentah tidak ditutup rapi, sarang serangga, highway serangga seperti dahan pokok dari pohon rimbun, tempat lembab dan sebagainya. Makanan favorite cicak ialah SEMUT, ANAI-ANAI dan LIPAS.

++ TIP (2) ++ Kalau nak hapuskan cicak, JAGA KERSIHAN RUMAH supaya kurangkan serangga. Orang-orang yang beriman suka menjaga kebersihan.

Bahan apa yang cicak takut atau tak suka?

1. Cicak tidak suka dengan campuran air dan lada merah. Dia tak tahan pijau. Lari....!!!

++ TIP (3) ++ Tumbuk 2 biji lada merah atau 4 -5 cili padi. Bancuh dengan air. Masuk dalam Botol Spray. Spray kat tempat mana banyak semut atau selalu nampak cicak dok berdiskusi dalam group atau menyorok. JAUHI DARI KANAK-KANAK. Jangan ter-spray mata sendiri atau terhidu air spray. BAHAYA. JANGAN LALAI.

2. Cicak tak suka dengan kulit telur ayam. Dia alergik dengan mineral kulit telor.

++ TIP (4) ++ Basuh dan keringkan dalam 2 atau 3 hari. Pecahkan kecil-kecil jadi saiz duit 5 sen atau seposen. Lekatkan berapat-rapat pada kadbod dengan gam. Letak kat mana-mana yang nak elak cicak berkunjung. JAUHI DARI KANAK-KANAK. Kulit telur jika termakan boleh tercekik. BAHAYA. JANGAN LALAI.

3. Cicak tak suka pada serbok borik acid. Dia mati tergolek kalau degil dan lalu jugak.

++ TIP (5) ++ Kebersihan halaman rumah juga boleh mengurangkan cicak dari masuk ke dalam rumah. Laluan terbaik cicak-cicak ini ialah melompat dari daun ke atas bumbung dan seterusnya melalui tingkap atau bawah pintu balconi. Cicak suka menyorok di bawah daun dan pada dahan-dahan pokok. Perlu pendekkan rumput, daun-daun, dahan-dahan pokok. Selepas menebas, taburkan serbok borik acid di kawasan yang rimbun menghala ke rumah. JAUHI DARI KANAK-KANAK. BAHAYA. JANGAN LALAI.

4. Cicak takut dengan kucing. Kucing biasanya bermain-main dengan cicak dan menjadi makanan side-dishnya.

++ TIP (6) ++ Kalau larat jaga kucing takpalah. AMARAN : Pastikan kucing selalu bersih dari kutu. Kutu boleh beranak-penak sekejapan setelah hisap darah. Jika kutu kucing tersebut berasal dari kutu anjing, lagilah risiko tinggi menjadi serang kutu di dalam rumah. PENAT berminggu-minggu nak hapuskan kutu pulak. Sendiri fikir dan buat keputusan.

Akhirkata

Kurang dan banyaknya cicak di rumah berkait rapat dengan kurang atau banyaknya serangga di rumah. Kurang atau banyaknya serangga di rumah, berkait rapat dengan sikap penghuni terhadap kebersihan rumah dan halamannya.